COVID-19 en trabajadores activos durante la cuarentena. Realidad de un sector urbano de Caracas, Venezuela / COVID-19 in active workers during quarantine. Reality of an urban sector of Caracas, Venezuela

La pandemia por COVID-19 resultó un problema para la salud pública mundial, que impactó particularmente al sector de trabajadores que debían trabajar y estar expuestos durante el periodo de cuarentena. Objetivo, analizar la incidencia de COVID-19 y sus características en trabajadores(as) activos(as) durante 34 semanas. Investigación descriptiva y transversal. Población constituida por todos los trabajadores(as) activos de sectores priorizados, con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. De los 1.186 casos confirmados, 658 casos (55%) correspondió a trabajadores activos, una incidencia de 1,7 casos x 1000 (mayor a la esperada), con predominio en trabajadores(as) del sector salud (267casos), choferes del transporte y trabajadores de funerarias (253 casos). El 68,7% menor de 40 años y predominio del sexo masculino (61,2%). En el personal de salud, el 30% correspondió a personal de enfermería y 22% en médicos. La tasa de mortalidad en la población de trabajadores activos fue de 0,07 x cada 1000, con un índice de mortalidad de 0,05 y un índice de recuperación del 95,5%, comportamiento similar al de la población general. Sin embargo, la tasa de letalidad (trabajadores activos positivos fallecidos) fue del 4,4% (29 casos), donde el 75% (22/29) fueron enfermeras y médicos, lo que confirmó al sector salud y trabajadores(as) de servicios, como población trabajadora altamente expuesta y vulnerable, lo que justificó priorizar las medidas de prevención en estos trabajadores, al iniciar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, la vacunación y la dotación con uso adecuado de la protección personal(AU)

The COVID-19 Pandemic was a problem for global public health, which particularly impacted the sector of workers who had to work and were exposed during the quarantine period. The objective was to analyze the incidence of COVID- 19 and its characteristics in active workers during 34 weeks. Descriptive and cross-sectional research. Population made up of all active workers in prioritized sectors, with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Of the 1,186 confirmed cases, 658 cases (55%) corresponded to active workers, an incidence of 1.7 cases per 1,000 (higher than expected), with a predominance of workers in the health sector (267 cases), transport drivers and funeral home workers (253 cases). 68.7% under 40 years of age and predominance of the male sex (61.2%). In health personnel, 30% corresponded to nursing personnel and 22% to doctors. The mortality rate in the population of active workers was 0.07 x every 1000, with a mortality rate of 0.05 and a recovery rate of 95.5%, behavior similar to that of the general population. However, the fatality rate (deceased positive active workers) was 4.4% (29 cases), where 75% (22/29) were nurses and doctors, which confirmed the health sector and service workers, as a highly exposed and vulnerable working population, which justified prioritizing prevention measures in these workers, by initiating the epidemiological surveillance system, vaccination and provision with adequate use of personal protection(AU)

Riesgo biológico en el personal de enfermería de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren / Biological risk in the nursing staff of the Intensive Care Unit of the Alberto Sabogal Sologuren Hospital

Según la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) se estima que 2,34 millones de personas mueren cada año a causa de accidentes y enfermedades relacionados con el trabajo. Entre las áreas hospitalarias, la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) es considerada como la más tensa, traumática y agresiva, que ha pesar de la pesada rutina de trabajo, los peligros a la que el personal de enfermería (enfermeros, técnicos y asistentes) está continuamente expuesto. No sólo el medio ambiente es insalubre, sino que dada la ocurrencia frecuente de situaciones de emergencia y la alta concentración de pacientes en estado crítico que se someten a cambios en su estado de salud. El personal de enfermería la UCI tienen un mayor riesgo relacionado con los peligros biológicos, ya que están expuestos a organismos infecciosos durante los procedimientos invasivos y no invasivos. En ese sentido, este trabajo busca indagar sobre percepción acerca de la exposición a los riesgos biológicos para las enfermeras que laboran en la UCI en el Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, Perú. Los resultados llevados con las trabajadoras de la salud de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en el Hospital Alberto Sabogal indicaron que en general, las enfermeras de ese centro asistencial hacen uso de buenas prácticas de riesgo, siendo el de mayor prevalecencia (71%) el relacionado con los principios de bioseguridad, y siendo el de menor cuidado (37%), el referente al lavado de las manos antes y después de tener contacto con los pacientes. Es preocupante, que un porcentaje bajo de enfermeras, entre un 5 y 22% respondieron algunas veces a las prácticas de riesgo, siendo un factor importante de contaminación o peligro con su salud(AU)

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), an estimated 2.34 million people die each year from work-related accidents and diseases. Among the hospital areas, the intensive care unit (ICU) is considered the most tense, traumatic and aggressive, which has despite the heavy work routine, the dangers to which the nursing staff (nurses, technicians and assistants) They are continually exposed. Not only is the environment unhealthy, but given the frequent occurrence of emergency situations and the high concentration of critically ill patients undergoing changes in their health status. ICU nursing staff are at increased risk related to biohazards, as they are exposed to infectious organisms during invasive and non-invasive procedures. In this sense, this work seeks to investigate the perception of exposure to biological risks for nurses who work in the ICU at the Alberto Sabogal Sologuren Hospital, Peru. The results carried out with the health workers of the Intensive Care Unit at the Alberto Sabogal Hospital indicated that in general, the nurses of this care center make use of good risk practices, with the highest prevalence (71%) being related to the principles of biosafety, and being the least careful (37%), the reference to washing hands before and after having contact with patients. It is worrisome that a low percentage of nurses, between 5 and 22% sometimes responded to risk practices, being an important factor of contamination or danger to their health(AU)

Demographic and professional profile of Brazilian women in vascular surgery: final results / Perfis demográfico e profissional de mulheres brasileiras na cirurgia vascular: resultados finais

Abstract Background Gender diversity in health teams is associated with better productivity. As women's participation in surgery has been growing, it is important to improve knowledge about the elements that guide their professional development. Objectives The aim of this study was to outline the demographic and professional features of female vascular surgeons in Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed, in which a questionnaire was made available online for 60 days. Invitations to participate were distributed by institutional e-mail sent from the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV) to associate women surgeons. Results are presented as numbers and percentages. Odds ratios and chi-square tests were used for analysis. Results From a total of 810 invitations sent out, 281 questionnaires were completed. The most prevalent age groups were 25-35 years (n = 115) and 36-45 years (n = 114). Among those who worked exclusively in the private sector, 79.8% had at least one board certification (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65-0.89; p = 0.001). Regarding workload distribution, 64.4% and 34.2% reported that they spend more time in the clinic and hospital, respectively. Respondents with more years of experience reported a predominance of office practice (p = 0.002). Although 67.3% (n = 189) had published scientific papers, 68% (n = 191) had never held leadership roles. Conclusions The study respondents consisted of highly qualified women surgeons with respect to training, certification, and scientific engagement, but they remain underrepresented in professional management positions. Surgical societies and health institutions should act to promote inclusive and diverse leadership.

Resumo Contexto A diversidade de gênero em equipes médicas está associada a uma melhor produtividade. Com o aumento da participação feminina na cirurgia, é importante conhecer melhor os elementos que orientam o desenvolvimento dessas profissionais. Objetivos Delinear as características demográficas e profissionais das cirurgiãs vasculares no Brasil. Métodos Estudo de caráter transversal, em que foi disponibilizado um questionário on-line por 60 dias. O convite foi enviado pelo e-mail institucional da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV) às cirurgiãs associadas. Os resultados são apresentados como números e porcentagens. Os testes de odds ratio (OR) e do qui-quadrado foram utilizados para a análise. Resultados De 810 convites enviados, 281 questionários foram respondidos. Os grupos etários predominantes foram 25-35 anos (n = 115) e 36-45 anos (n = 114). Entre as que trabalhavam exclusivamente no setor privado, 79,8% possuíam ao menos um Título de Especialista (OR: 0,76; intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,65-0,89; p = 0,001). Em relação à distribuição da carga horária, 64,4% e 34,2% relataram que passavam mais tempo no ambulatório e no hospital, respectivamente. Entre as com mais anos de experiência, houve predomínio da prática em consultório (p = 0,002). Embora 67,3% (n = 189) tenham publicado artigos científicos, 68% (n = 191) nunca ocuparam cargos de liderança. Conclusões As participantes do estudo consistiram em cirurgiãs altamente qualificadas em relação a treinamento, certificação e engajamento científico. No entanto, permanecem pouco representadas em cargos de gestão profissional. As sociedades cirúrgicas e as instituições de saúde devem agir para promover uma liderança inclusiva e diversa.

La mujer en Cirugía: una exploración de las barreras en la carrera laboral / Women in surgery: an exploration of career barriers

Antecedentes: las cirujanas en la Argentina experimentan barreras en el ámbito laboral y personal tratando de lograr sus objetivos profesionales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar las barreras que enfrentan las cirujanas en su carrera laboral en las tres principales ciudades de la República Argentina. Material y métodos: estudio exploratorio transversal. Se utilizaron encuestas anónimas a cirujanas durante un período de 6 meses. Resultados: un 59% de las cirujanas son solteras y no viven en pareja. Aquellas con hijos son las principales encargadas de la crianza. Los esposos o convivientes aparecen en tercer lugar, con un muy bajo porcentaje de responsabilidad en la tarea. En la mayoría de los espacios laborales no existe un sistema que facilite el cuidado de hijos en su trabajo. El 65% afirma haber dejado de presentar trabajos científicos luego de la maternidad. Solo un 26% de los pacientes ha rechazado sus servicios en favor de ser intervenido por un cirujano hombre. Por el contrario, un 42% de los jefes ha rechazado ser acompañado en cirugías por cirujanas. Casi un 85% de las cirujanas ha recibido comentarios alusivos a su sexualidad durante su trabajo. Conclusión: las estructuras organizacionales quirúrgicas operan como un marco normativo estructurador de prácticas y discursos que han construido, en el nivel simbólico, subjetivo e institucional, las desigualdades entre mujeres y varones en el ámbito de la actuación médica. La feminización del sector en los últimos tiempos y la salida de la mujer al ámbito laboral no implican necesariamente la equidad de género.

Background: Women surgeons in Argentina face barriers in the workplace and in their personal life when trying to achieve their professional goals. The aim of this investigation was to explore the career barriers women surgeons face in the three main cities of Argentina. Material and methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study. Anonymous surveys were administrated to women surgeons during a six-month period. Results: Among survey respondents, 59% were single and did not live with a partner. Those with children are the primary carers. Spouses or partners appear in third place, with a very low percentage of responsibility as carers. Most workplaces where female surgeons work do not have childcare facilities. Sixty-five percent of the survey respondents had not presented scientific papers after having children. Only 26 percent of patients had rejected their services in favor of a male surgeon and 42% of head surgeons had refused to be assisted by female surgeons. Almost 85% of women surgeons have received comments about their sexuality during their work. Conclusions: The organizational structures of surgery departments work as a structured regulatory framework of practices and speeches that have constructed the inequalities between women and men in the field of medical action at the symbolic, subjective and institutional level. The recent feminization of the surgical field and the entrance of women in the workplace do not necessarily imply gender equality.

Doble jornada laboral y percepción de la salud en mujeres: investigación cualitativa / Double working day and perception of health in women: qualitative investigation

Introducción. El trabajo ocupa un lugar clave en la vida de la mujer, y a su vez comprende varias dimensiones. Dos de ellas son el trabajo doméstico no remunerado (TDNR) e invisibilizado, y el trabajo productivo remunerado (TPR) fuera dela casa. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender cómo es la percepción de salud en la mujer actual de clase media urbana con doble jornada laboral y cómo ella jerarquiza su TPR. Métodos. Investigación con enfoque cualitativo realizada en un hospital privado universitario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, mediante entrevistas individuales a mujeres adultas y alfabetas de 30 a 60 años de edad, seleccionadas a través del método de bola de nieve a partir de sus médicos de cabecera. Se utilizaron fichas demográficas estructuradas y entrevistas en profundidad. Se registraron datos personales y prácticas médicas realizadas en los últimos años. Se realizó un análisis de contenido. Resultados. Entrevistamos a 47 mujeres, la mayoría con hijos y la mitad, a cargo de las tareas domésticas en su hogar. Ninguna de ellas reconoció la tarea doméstica (TDNR) como trabajo, 76 % refirió no realizar controles habituales de salud,aunque más del 90 % hizo las prácticas preventivas recomendadas para su edad. Las mujeres entrevistadas expresaron diferentes significados atribuidos por ellas al TPR como independencia, desarrollo personal, mejoría en autoestima, calidad de vida, y sociabilidad. Sin embargo, ante su ausencia en el hogar se mostraron ambivalentes y con sentimientos de culpabilidad. Conclusiones. Este estudio permite reconocer que las mujeres con trabajo TDNR y TPR valoran positivamente a este último, pero se cuestionan que éste les quite tiempo a su participación en el ámbito familiar. Esto resulta en una mayor autoexigencia y perpetúa la invisibilidad del TDNR. En relación al autocuidado, sienten que no realizan sus cuidados médicos, pero tienen buenos indicadores de prácticas preventivas. Quizás sea necesario propiciar la reflexión acerca del rol que tiene el TPR en su bienestar. (AU)

Introduction. Work occupies a key place in the life of women, and in turn, comprises several dimensions. Two of them are unpaid domestic work (UDW) and paid productive work (PPW) outside the home. The objective of this research was to understand how the perception of health is in the current urban middle-class woman with a double working day and how she prioritizes her PPW. Methods. Research with a qualitative approach carried out in a private university hospital in the City of Buenos Aires, through individual interviews with adult and literates women aged 30 to 60, selected through the snowball method from their general practitioners. Structured demographics and in-depth interviews were used. Personal data and medical practices carried out in recent years were recorded. A content analysis was performed. Results. We interviewed 47 women, the majority with children and half of them, in charge of housework in their home. None of them recognized housework (UDW) as work, 76 % reported not doing regular health checks, although more than 90 % did the recommended preventive practices for their age. The women interviewed expressed different meanings attributed bythem to the PPW such as independence, personal development, improvement in self-esteem, quality of life, and sociability. However, in their absence at home, they were ambivalent and guilty. Conclusions. This study allows us to recognize that women with UDW and PPW value the latter positively, but question whether it takes time away from their participation in the family environment. This results in increased self-demand and perpetuates the invisibility of the UDW. In relation to self-care, they feel that they do not perform their medical care, buthave good indicators of preventive practices. It may be necessary to encourage reflection on the role of the PPW in theirwell-being. (AU)

Qualidade de vida, fatores sociodemográficos e ocupacionais de mulheres trabalhadoras / Quality of life, sociodemographic and occupational factors of working women

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a qualidade de vida da mulher trabalhadora e verificar a suas relações com aspectos sociodemográficos e ocupacionais. Estudo transversal, em uma amostra de 579 mulheres trabalhadoras de um município de 318.000 habitantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário para caracterização sociodemográfica, ocupacional e do WHOQOL-BREF. Para análise utilizou-se estatística descritiva, Teste t-student e correlação de Pearson. As mulheres trabalhadoras apresentaram 42,70 ±13,74 anos, houve predomínio de escolaridade entre 09 a 12 anos, cor da pele branca, renda individual mensal de até um salário mínimo, com apenas um emprego com vínculo celetista ou funcionalismo público. A média da Qualidade de Vida foi de 72,87, com melhor resultado no domínio das Relações Sociais e o menor do Meio Ambiente. O domínio Meio Ambiente foi significativamente comprometido nas mulheres que não tinham pausas para descanso durante o trabalho, não tinham bom relacionamento com os colegas, apresentavam maior número de doenças ou lesões, possuíam menor escolaridade e renda mensal. O Domínio das Relações sociais foi significativamente afetado pelo número de lesões ou doenças.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the quality of life of working women and its relationship with sociodemographic and occupational aspects. Cross-sectional study in a sample of 579 working women in a city with a population of 318,000. Data was collected by means of questionnaires for sociodemographic, occupational and WHOQOL-BREF characteristics. For the analysis, we used descriptive statistics, t-student test and the Pearson correlation. The working women on average were 42.70 ±13.74 years old; there was a predominance of Caucasians with 9 to 12 years of formal education and an individual monthly minimum-wage income at a single job as a registered employee or civil servant. The average Quality of Life was 72.87, with a better result in the area of Social Relations and the lowest in the area of Environment. The Environment domain was significantly more compromised in women who did not have rest breaks during work, those who did not have good relationships with their coworkers, had more diseases or injuries, less formal education and lower monthly income. The Social Relations domain was significantly compromised by the number of injuries or diseases.

The gender differences in highly paid wage: a case study of Peruvian physicians / Las diferencias de género en los sueldos de mejor remuneración: el estudio de caso de los médicos peruanos / Diferenças de gênero em salários altos: um estudo de caso de médicos peruanos

Abstract: In recent decades, the number of women pursuing careers in health has significantly increased. However, the physician labor market is still characterized by gender differences regarding payment. Using a nationally representative Peruvian sample of health providers (3,219 male and 1,063 female physicians), we estimated the gender gap in the likelihood of earning high wages for physicians and decomposed this gap in a proportion related to differences in individual characteristics (e.g. specialty, labor experience), and a residual proportion related to differences in returns to these characteristics. Our main results reveal that male physicians have on average an 81% higher likelihood of earning high salaries (monthly earning level > 5,000 PEN) relative to their female counterparts. Further, the main proportion of this gap is associated to the unexplained component (among 57% and 77%, according to the model specification), which may be associated to unobservable characteristics and discrimination in the Peruvian labor market.

Resumen: En décadas recientes, el número de mujeres realizando su carrera en el ámbito de salud se ha incrementado significativamente. No obstante, el mercado laboral de los médicos está todavía caracterizado por diferencias de género respecto a los salarios. Utilizando una muestra peruana nacionalmente representativa de proveedores de salud (3.219 hombres y 1.063 mujeres médicos), estimamos la brecha de género en la probabilidad para los médicos de ganar sueldos altos y la desglosamos según los porcentajes vinculados a las diferencias relacionadas con las características individuales (p.ej. especialidad, experiencia laboral) y un porcentaje residual vinculado a las diferencias relacionadas con estas características. Nuestros resultados principales revelaron que los médicos hombres contaban en promedio con un 81% mayor probabilidad de ganar sueldos más altos (nivel mensual de renta > 5.000 PEN) frente a sus compañeras mujeres. Asimismo, gran parte del porcentaje de esta brecha está asociado a un componente inexplicable (entre un 57% y un 77%, según la especificación del modelo), lo que tal vez esté relacionado con las características no observables y la discriminación en el mercado laboral peruano.

Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, o número de mulheres atuando em carreiras da saúde aumentou significativamente. Contudo, o mercado de trabalho médico continua caracterizado por diferenças de gênero nos salários. Usando uma amostra nacional representativa de profissionais da saúde peruanos (3.219 médicos e 1.063 médicas), nós estimamos a diferença de gênero na probabilidade de receber altos salários para médicos e decompomos essa diferença em uma proporção relacionada a diferenças em características individuais (p.ex.: especialidade, experiência profissional) e uma proporção residual relacionada a diferenças de retornos dessas características. Nossos resultados principais revelam que os médicos têm, em média, uma probabilidade 81% maior de receber salários altos (nível de rendimentos mensais > 5.000 PEN) em relação às médicas. Adicionalmente, a principal proporção dessa diferença está associada ao componente não-explicado (entre 57% e 77%, de acordo com a especificação do modelo), o que pode estar associado a características não-observadas e discriminação no mercado de trabalho peruano.

Tendencia de la tasa global de fecundidad y el aumento de la fuerza laboral femenina en Chile. 1960-2011 / Association between the decline in global fertility rate and the incorporation of women to the workforce

Background: The global fertility rate (GFR) is defined as the mean number of children that a woman could have in a hypothetical cohort, not exposed to death during the fertile period. GFR has fallen from 3.4 to 1.9 children per women in the period 1970-2010. Aim: To explore the relationship between the fall in GFR and the incorporation of women to work in the period 1960-2011. Material and Methods: Data from the National Statistics Institute was used. GRF was calculated using specific fertility rates for each year considering women aged 15 to 49 years. Work rates were obtained from yearly vital statistics reports. Results: Between 1960 and 2011, GRF decreased from 5.5 to 1.9 in Chile. The first inflection occurred in 1970. In the same period, female workforce increased from 22.4 to 40.2%. Conclusions: To motivate the participation of female work­force without decrease the GRF allowing population replacement, it is suggested the need to create new public policies with benefits and support from the state.

Nuevos trabajos, nuevos riesgos. Chile y los factores de riesgo psicosocial laboral / New jobs, new risks. Chile and psychosocial risk factors in the workplace

Los factores de riesgo psicosocial laboral (FRPSL) han cobrado una creciente importancia en el mundo dado que están relacionados con todo tipo de patologías, desde la cardiovascular hasta la mental. Este creciente interés no se debe tan solo a una preocupación actual de los organismos sanitarios internacionales, sino que a un cambio en la estructura del trabajo mismo. Este artículo analiza algunas estadísticas históricas y actuales del trabajo en Chile, en las que se evidencia el paso desde una estructura económica productiva hacia una estructura de servicios y comercial que trae nuevas exigencias para los trabajadores, mayor participación de la mujer, precariedad del empleo e interferencia del trabajo con la vida privada. Este cambio es el que está en la base de los nuevos riesgos en el trabajo. A los trabajadores hoy se les exige competencias cognitivas, emocionales, y una completa flexibilidad personal para adaptarse a las exigencias de los trabajos, lo que parece evidenciarse en la prevalencia de enfermedades profesionales mentales y musculoesqueléticas. En Chile existe un progresivo interés científico en la evaluación de este nuevo escenario, así como incipientes esfuerzos regulatorios por parte del Estado. Un desarrollo mayor en esta área solo será posible en la medida que se tome conciencia del cambio ocurrido en el trabajo y sus nuevos riesgos asociados.

Psychosocial risk factors at the workplace (PSRW) have become an increasing worldwide concern since they are related to a variety of diseases, from cardiovascular disease to mental illness. This growing interest derives not only from international health agencies' actual current concern, but due to a changes in work structure itself. This article analyzes some historical and current statistics related to work in Chile, where the passage from a productive to a service and trade economic structure that brings new demands to workers, greater participation of women, job insecurity and interference between work and private life, are evident. This change is the basis for rising new hazards in the workplace. Workers are now required to have cognitive and emotional skills and complete personal flexibility for adapting to job demands, which appears to be evidenced by the prevalence of mental illness and musculoskeletal occupational diseases. In Chile, there is a growing scientific interest in evaluating this new stage, as well as incipient regulatory efforts by the State. Further development will only be possible with increased awareness of the change in work and associated hazards that arise

Associação entre estresse, riscos psicossociais e qualidade do emprego de trabalhadores assalariados chilenos: uma perspectiva de gênero / Asociaciones entre distrés, riesgos psicosociales y calidad del empleo en trabajadores/as asalariados/as en Chile: una perspectiva de género / Psychosocial risks, quality of employment, and workplace stress in Chilean wage-earning workers: a gender perspective

Resumo: O estudo estimou a prevalência de estresse no trabalho no Chile e suas associações com a exposição ocupacional ao risco psicossocial e qualidade do emprego, considerando as diferenças de gênero. Estudo transversal considerando uma amostra representativa nacional de 3.010 trabalhadores/as (1.486 mulheres e 1.524 homens). Dezoito por cento da amostra relataram estresse (23,8% mulheres vs. 14,8% de homens). Aqueles expostos a riscos psicossociais têm mais chances de sofrer estresse do que os não expostos, e as mulheres têm uma maior chance de sofrer estresse do que os homens. Homens e mulheres em empregos precários têm uma chance maior de estresse em comparação com aqueles com menos precariedade do emprego. No entanto, as mulheres em empregos precários têm uma maior chance de sofrer de estresse do que os homens em cargos semelhantes. Conclui-se que as mulheres têm uma maior proporção de empregos precários, estão mais expostas a riscos psicossociais e têm maior estresse, demonstrando a existência de uma dupla discriminação, social e de gênero, no mercado de trabalho no Chile.

Resumen: El estudio estimó la prevalencia de distrés laboral en Chile y sus asociaciones con exposición a riesgo psicosocial laboral y calidad del empleo, considerando diferencias de género. El estudio transversal consideró una muestra probabilística representativa a nivel nacional de 3.010 asalariados/as en Chile (1.486 mujeres y 1.524 hombres). Un 18% reporta distrés (23,8% mujeres versus 14,8% hombres). Los expuestos a riesgos psicosociales tienen mayor chance de experimentar distrés que los no expuestos, y las mujeres presentan una chance de sufrir distrés mayor que los hombres. Hombres y mujeres en empleos precarios tienen una chance mayor de presentar distrés al compararse con quienes tienen menos precariedad laboral. No obstante, mujeres en empleos precarios tienen mayor chance de sufrir distrés que los hombres en empleos similares. Se concluye que las mujeres ocupan empleos precarios en mayor proporción, están más expuestas a riesgos psicosociales y presentan mayor distrés, evidenciando la existencia de una doble discriminación-social y de género-en el mercado laboral en Chile.

Abstract: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of work-related stress in Chile and its association with exposure to workplace psychosocial risks and quality of employment, considering gender differences. The cross-sectional study included a representative probabilistic national sample of 3,010 salaried workers (1,486 women and 1,524 men). Eighteen percent reported work-related stress (23.8% of women and 14.8% of men). People exposed to psychosocial risks had a higher probability of experiencing stress, and women were more likely to suffer stress than men. Women and men in precarious work showed increased likelihood of distress, compared to workers with less precarious jobs. However, women in precarious jobs were more likely to suffer stress than men in the same situation. The study concluded that women had more precarious jobs, experienced greater exposure to psychosocial risks, and suffered more stress than men. This is evidence of double discrimination (social and gender-based) in the Chilean labor market.

Processo de empoderamento feminino mediado pela qualificação para o trabalho na construção civil / Female empowerment process mediated through qualification to work on civil construction

Pesquisa qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva que objetivou conhecer as repercussões do Programa de Extensão Universitária Mulheres Conquistando Cidadania no cotidiano de mulheres participantes. Foi desenvolvida em um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Participaram do estudo 13 mulheres egressas do Programa referido. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas nos meses de janeiro a agosto/2011. Da análise de conteúdo temática destacou-se a categoria: processo de empoderamento a partir da participação no Programa Mulheres Conquistando Cidadania. Identificaram-se a construção de confiança, a mudança significativa na postura e o modo de pensar das mulheres em relação a sua autopercepção, conhecimento e poder de decisão. Constataram-se transformações na forma de pensar os papéis sociais de mulheres e homens a partir de referenciais de cidadania e empoderamento. Conclui-se que tal experiência, tanto no que se refere à Extensão quanto à presente pesquisa, constitui-se uma temática atual e necessária na área de saúde da mulher.

A amamentação entre filhos de mulheres trabalhadoras / Breastfeeding among children of women workers

OBJETIVO: Analisar benefícios trabalhistas e fatores associados à manutenção dos índices de amamentação entre mães trabalhadoras. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 200 mulheres trabalhadoras formais que retornaram ao trabalho antes de a criança completar seis meses de vida, no município de Piracicaba, SP. Dentre as participantes, 100 díades mãe-lactente receberam orientações e apoio para a prática do aleitamento em um programa de prevenção em saúde bucal e as demais 100 díades foram abordadas em uma campanha de vacinação infantil. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística múltipla para identificar variáveis relacionadas ao desmame ao quarto mês de vida. RESULTADOS: A maior parte das participantes era primípara, passou por cesariana, iniciou a amamentação em menos de quatro horas após o parto e permaneceu com seu filho em alojamento conjunto. Tiveram mais chance de parar a amamentação: mães não participantes do programa de incentivo (OR = 3,04 [IC95% 1,35;6,85]), mães que não tinham intervalo de 30 minutos durante a jornada de trabalho (OR = 4,10 [IC95% 1,81;9,26]) e mães cujos filhos utilizavam chupeta (OR = 2,68 [IC95% 1,23;5,83]) ou mamadeira (OR =14,47 [IC95% 1,85;113,24]. CONCLUSÕES: As mães que participaram do grupo de incentivo à amamentação, não ofereceram chupeta e mamadeira aos filhos e tinham intervalo durante o trabalho pararam a amamentação após o quarto mês. Apoio, informações sobre o manejo da lactação e sobre seus direitos garantidos por lei, em conjunto com a ampliação do tempo de licença maternidade, poderão ter um importante papel na manutenção da prática do aleitamento materno.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze employment benefits and factors associated with the maintenance of breastfeeding indexes among working mothers. METHODS: The sample was constituted by 200 formal women workers who returned to work before the child had reached six months of life, in the city of Piracicaba (Southeastern Brazil). Among the participants, 100 mother-infant dyads received guidance and support for the practice of breastfeeding within an oral health prevention program, and the other 100 dyads were addressed in a child vaccination campaign. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify variables related to weaning in the fourth month of life. RESULTS: The majority of the participants were primiparous women who underwent cesarean section, initiated breastfeeding within four hours after birth and stayed with their child in the room. The following women had higher odds of stopping breastfeeding: mothers not participating in the incentive program (OR = 3.04 [95%CI: 1.35;6.85]), mothers who did not have a 30-minute break during the working hours (OR = 4.10 [95%CI: 1.81;9.26]), and mothers whose children used pacifiers (OR = 2.68 [95%CI: 1.23;5.83]) or bottles (OR = 14.47 [95%CI: 1.85;113.24]. CONCLUSIONS: The mothers who participated in the breastfeeding incentive group, who did not offer pacifiers and bottles to their babies and who had a break during the working hours stopped breastfeeding after the fourth month. Support and information on lactation management and on their rights guaranteed by law, together with the increase in the length of maternity leave, may play an important role in maintaining breastfeeding.

Condiciones de salud y trabajo de las mujeres en la economía informal Bogotá 2007 / Women in Informal economy health and work conditions Bogotá. 2007

Objetivo Determinar las condiciones de trabajo y salud de las mujeres que laboran en la informalidad en Bogotá y recomendar líneas de acción prioritarias para prevenir las enfermedades y accidentes relacionados con el trabajo y sus secuelas. Metodología Estudio de tipo observacional descriptivo, utilizó como base la información recolectada por los equipos locales del ámbito laboral durante el 2007 en las intervenciones que en el marco del Plan de Atención Básica. En total se incluyeron en el estudio 3 936 mujeres trabajadoras en la economía informal. Resultados El estudio reveló condiciones de precariedad de las mujeres en este sector de la economía. Se reflejan de manera precisa bajo nivel educativo, ingresos por debajo del salario mínimo legal, exposición a condiciones de trabajo deteriorantes para la salud, con largas jornadas laborales que generaron una baja disponibilidad de tiempo para el goce de actividades de ocio y tiempo libre. Adicionalmente, el 75 % de las mujeres incluidas en el estudio son cabeza de familia, lo cual las predispone a una mayor carga familiar y social.Conclusiones Se sugiere una mayor atención al fenómeno de la informalidad para evitar la condición de desprotección de las trabajadoras. Como una estrategia puntual se propone una mayor articulación entre la academia y las instituciones responsables del desarrollo de políticas públicas que permitan conocer a fondo fenómenos recurrentes en la población estudiada y así implementar programas que promuevan mejores condiciones de calidad de vida.

Objective: To determine work and health conditions of women working in informal economy in Bogotá, as well as to recommend priority action plans for preventing illnesses and accidents related to work and their consequences. Methodology: Descriptive observational study. This study analyzed information collected by local groups in work-related contexts during 2007 as part of a set of forms of intervention established according to the Plan de AtenciónBásica (Primary Care Plan). This plan included 3 715 units of informal work from every point of the city. 3 936 women registers in all were analyzed. Results: This study reveals evident precariousness conditions of women in this economic sector. Specifically, there are certain evident conditions that had shown in this study such as low education levels, incomes below the minimum legal standards, high exposure to damaging health work conditions, long work hours, and few hours for leisure and free time. Furthermore, 75 % of women included in this study are female head of household. This condition makes them more vulnerable to a heavier family and social burden. Conclusions: Closer attention to informal economy phenomenon is suggested in order to avoid vulnerable conditions of working women. Besides, it is necessary to improve the articulation between Academy and forms of intervention through public policies for knowing deeply repeated phenomena regarding the population of study. This articulation can be thought for implementing programs designed for improving women's quality of life.

Impacto do incentivo ao aleitamento materno entre mulheres trabalhadoras formais / The impact of breastfeeding promotion in women with formal employment

Investigar se programas de incentivo ao aleitamento materno ajudam a prevenir o desmame precoce entre filhos de mães trabalhadoras. Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção não randomizado, por meio de inquérito entre mães que voltaram a trabalhar após o parto, participantes e não-participantes de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento. A amostra consistiu de 200 mães de filhos com idades entre 6 e 10 meses. Para avaliar fatores associados ao desmame precoce, os resultados foram analisados por meio dos testes estatísticos de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e análise de regressão logística múltipla (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença estatística nas taxas de aleitamento materno exclusivo (p < 0,0001) e de aleitamento materno (p < 0,0001) entre os grupos. Apresentou diferença estatística (p = 0,0056) em relação à época de retorno ao trabalho entre os grupos. Não houve diferença entre o fim da licença-maternidade e a época de desmame. As mães que não conseguem amamentar seus filhos durante a jornada de trabalho têm 4,98 (IC95 por cento: 1,27-19,61) vezes mais chances de desmamá-los antes do quarto mês.

This study focused on programs to promote breastfeeding in order to prevent early weaning of working mothers' infant children. A non-randomized intervention study was conducted using a survey of mothers who had returned to work after childbirth, including both participants and non-participants in a program to promote breastfeeding. The sample consisted of 200 mothers of infants ranging from 6 to 10 months of age. Factors associated with early weaning were analyzed with the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and multiple logistic regression (α = 0.05). The results showed statistical differences between the groups in relation to exclusive breastfeeding (p < 0.0001) and breastfeeding (p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0056) between the groups in relation to time between childbirth and return to work. There was no difference between the end of maternity leave and weaning time. Mothers that were unable to nurse their infants during the work shift showed 4.98 times higher odds (95 percentCI: 1.27-19.61) of weaning them before the fourth month of age.

Encuesta voz de mujer bicentenario: quiénes son, cómo son y a qué aspiran las chilenas / Survey bicentennial woman's voice who they are, how they are and what suck the chilean

Uno de los mayores desafíos que Chile enfrenta como país que aspira al desarrollo es facilitar la participación de la mujer en el mundo laboral en condiciones dignas, promoviendo la integración armónica entre trabajo, vida familiar y personal. Se han producido algunos avances importantes en cuanto a la inserción femenina en el mercado de trabajo: el 60,6% de las mujeres entre 18 y 65 años del medio urbano participaba del mercado laboral entre septiembre y noviembre de 2009. Más aún, para muchas mujeres en especial, las jefas de hogar la inactividad ya no es una opción: participan el 75% de las que son jefas de hogar, y el 90% de las jefas de hogar entre 25 y 49 años. Esto se produjo como consecuencia de varios factores, entre los cuales se destacan: la incorporación de amplios grupos femeninos con mayor educación; la reciente crisis financiera mundial que forzó a muchas familias a sustituir el ingreso del jefe de hogar, hombre cesante, por el de su compañera; la expansión de la red de salas cunas y jardines infantiles, que amplió las opciones de las mujeres de menores ingresos para entrar al mercado laboral.

A mulher na recuperação recente do mercado de trabalho brasileiro / La mujer en la recuperación reciente del mercado de trabajo brasileño / Women in the recent recovery of the Brazilian labor market

O mercado de trabalho nos últimos anos tem dado sinais de recuperação, destacando-se a maior formalização dos empregos. A população economicamente ativa, no conceito amplo do IBGE, distribui-se entre o mercado de trabalho por conta-alheia, que abrange os empregados de estabelecimento, o serviço doméstico remunerado e os desempregados, e o trabalho por conta-própria, que abarca os trabalhadores autônomos, os membros de suas famílias que trabalham sem remuneração, os empregadores e os trabalhadores na produção agrícola para o consumo próprio e na autoconstrução. No mercado de trabalho por conta-alheia, a mulher apresenta maiores taxa de desemprego e informalidade no vínculo do emprego. No trabalho por conta-própria, a presença feminina é maior entre os não-remunerados e na produção agrícola para o consumo próprio, enquanto os homens têm maior participação entre os autônomos e empregadores. O mercado de trabalho por conta-alheia abrange dois terços da PEA e, recentemente, tem crescido mais fortemente do que o por conta-própria. No mercado de trabalho por conta-alheia, o emprego formalizado tem crescido mais fortemente do que o sem carteira. A participação da mulher tem-se ampliado nos dois tipos de trabalho, mas as diferenças de renda por sexo continuam muito grandes. Apesar da maior participação, as mulheres continuam segregadas em ocupações de menor renda, tanto no mercado de trabalho por conta-alheia como naquele por conta-própria.

El mercado de trabajo en los últimos años ha dado señales de recuperación, destacándose la mayor formalización de los empleos. La población económicamente activa, en el concepto amplio del IBGE, se distribuye entre el mercado de trabajo por cuenta ajena, que abarca a los empleados de estabelecimiento, el servicio doméstico remunerado y los desempleados, y el trabajo por cuenta propia, que abarca a los trabajadores autónomos, los miembros de sus familias que trabajan sin remuneración, los empleadores y los trabajadores en la producción agrícola para el consumo propio y en la autoconstrucción. En el mercado de trabajo por cuenta ajena, la mujer presenta mayores tasas de desempleo e informalidad en el vínculo del empleo. En el trabajo por cuenta propia, la presencia femenina es mayor entre los no remunerados y en la producción agrícola para consumo propio, mientras que los hombres tienen mayor participación entre los autónomos y los empleadores. El mercado de trabajo por cuenta ajena abarca dos tercios de la PEA y, recientemente, ha crecido más fuertemente que el por cuenta propia. En el mercado de trabajo por cuenta ajena, el empleo formalizado ha crecido más fuertemente que el informal. La participación de la mujer se ha ampliado en los dos tipos de trabajo, pero las diferencias de ingresos por sexo continúan siendo muy grandes. A pesar de la mayor participación, las mujeres continúan segregadas en ocupaciones de menores ingresos, tanto en lo mercado de trabajo por cuenta ajena como en el trabajo por cuenta propia.

In recent years the Brazilian labor market has shown signs of recovery, especially in the higher number of registered employees. The economically active population, in the broad concept of the Brazilian Census Office (IBGE), is distributed, on the one hand, between labor for others, which includes employees of establishments, paid domestic work and the unemployed and, on the other, self-employed workers, the members of families who work without payment, employers, workers in farming for the family's own consumption, and those in self-construction. In the labor market for others, women show the highest rates of unemployment and of informality in terms of employment relations. In self-employed work the presence of women is greater among the non-paid and in farming for families' own consumption, whereas the men are more present among the self-employed and employers. The labor market for others encompasses two-thirds of the PEA, and has recently been growing faster than the self-employed sector. In this same market for others, formally registered employment has grown more than non-registered employment. The proportion of women has grown in both types of work, but the differences in income by gender continue to be considerable. Despite their being more present, women continue to be segregated into occupations of lower income, both in the labor market for others and among the self-employed.

Relaciones trabajo-familia y salud en mujeres trabajadoras / Work-family relationships and health in working women

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la asociación existente entre las gratificaciones y las interferencias generadas en la relación trabajo-familia y su impacto en la salud de mujeres trabajadoras. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un diseño no experimental correlacional. Se aplicó en Caracas, Venezuela, durante el año 2006, a un grupo de 402 mujeres trabajadoras con edades comprendidas entre 27 y 71 años, una batería de pruebas para medir relación trabajo-familia, autoestima, ansiedad, depresión, bienestar, percepción de salud y número de síntomas. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que las gratificaciones en la relación trabajo-familia están relacionadas con un mayor bienestar y autoestima, así como con menor depresión, ansiedad y síntomas reportados. Una mayor interferencia se asoció a una mayor depresión, ansiedad y número de síntomas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados permiten identificar algunos factores protectores y de riesgo para la salud de las mujeres con roles múltiples y sirven de base para el diseño de planes de intervención tanto en el plano individual como organizacional.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between gratifications and interferences generated in the work-family relationship and its impact on working women's health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A non-experimental, correlational design was used. A group of 402 working women between 27 and 71 years of age were tested in Caracas, Venezuela during 2006, to measure work-family relationship, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, wellbeing, health perception and number of symptoms. RESULTS: It was found that the gratifications in the work-family relationship are related to better wellbeing and self-esteem, less depression, anxiety and symptom report. Presence of more interferences was associated with more depression, anxiety and number of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results give an indication of protective and risk factors for multiple-role women's health and could provide some guidelines for intervention programs.

[Comparison between breastfeeding in employed and unemployed women]

Numerous studies show that working outside home is the key barrier to breastfeeding. The objective of this study was comparing the pattern of breastfeeding in infants whose mothers were employed in public sectors with unemployed mothers. In this study 630 mothers [254 employed], attending health care centers in northern and western Tehran with 6-30 months infants with the birth weight of at least 2000 g, were interviewed. The results were analyzed by SPSS software. After logistic regression it was revealed that parental education, infant's sex or birth order had no significant effect on rate or duration of breast-feeding. There were no significant differences in the rate of breastfeeding between the two groups at 0 and 2 months, but there were significant differences after returning to work [at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months]. Our results showed that the rate and duration of breast feeding were significantly lower in employed mothers at all infant ages, after 4 months. Figures for breastfeeding at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months in the two groups of employed and unemployed mothers were as follows: 69.7% versus 76.9%, 61.4% versus 73.7%, 57.9% versus 69.9%, 54.7% versus 67.7%,and 52.6% versus 67%, and p-values = 0.044, 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively. After returning to work the rate and duration of breastfeeding in employed mother are significantly lower than housewives